Journal of Solar Energy Research

Solar irradiance variability and its impact on PV-battery standalone system sizing and techno-economic performance across different climatic regions

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

2 Department of Physics, Niger Delta University, Amassoma, Nigeria

3 Department of Physics, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria

Abstract

Solar irradiance variability significantly influences the sizing, reliability, battery ageing, and economic performance of standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery storage. This study investigates these impacts across six climatically diverse locations: Abuja (Nigeria), Amman (Jordan), Paris (France), Ottawa (Canada), Santiago (Chile), and Canberra (Australia). Daily and monthly solar irradiation data from PVGIS TMY 5.3 were used to evaluate variability using the coefficient of variation (CV) and seasonal variability index (SVI). Three PV sizing approaches—daily-based, average-based, and critical-month—were assessed using a daily energy-balance model, while techno-economic performance was evaluated using PVsyst. Results show that Abuja and Amman exhibited low variability (CV < 0.50; SVI < 1.00), whereas Paris and Ottawa showed high variability (CV > 0.60; SVI > 1.40). Critical-month sizing increased PV capacity requirements by approximately 332% and 188% in Paris and Ottawa, respectively, compared with average-based sizing, but by only 39% and 89% in Abuja and Amman. Reliability improved substantially under critical-month sizing (LPSP < 0.02), although at higher lifecycle costs. Annual battery capacity fade ranged from 1.46% to 1.73%, corresponding to battery lifetimes of 12.8–15.2 years. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating irradiance variability into climate-responsive PV–battery system design.

Keywords

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Journal of Solar Energy Research
Volume 11, Issue 2
April 2026
Pages 3055-3077