[1]Elimelech, M. and W.A. Phillip. (2011). The Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology, and the Environment.
Science,
333(6043), 712–717.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200488
[2]Montazeri, S.M. and G. Kolliopoulos. (2022). Hydrate based desalination for sustainable water treatment: A review.
Desalination,
537, 115855.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.115855
[3]Nagabhooshanam, N., et al. (2025). Sustainable energy integration for seawater desalination.
Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry,
107(8), 1582–1605.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2025.2553247
[4]Bundschuh, J., et al. (2021). State-of-the-art of renewable energy sources used in water desalination: Present and future prospects.
Desalination,
508, 115035.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115035
[5]Kumar, A., A.K. Tiwari, and Z. Said. (2021). A comprehensive review analysis on advances of evacuated tube solar collector using nanofluids and PCM.
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments,
47, 101417.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101417
[6]Madhuri, R.V.S., et al. (2025). Solar energy-driven desalination: A renewable solution for climate change mitigation and advancing sustainable development goals.
Desalination,
602, 118575.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2025.118575
[7]Alghassab, M.A. (2024). A review of hybrid solar desalination systems: structure and performance.
Water Science and Technology,
89(5), 1357–1381.
https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.042
[8]Sharshir, S.W., et al. (2025). Using multiple machine learning techniques to enhance the performance prediction of heat pump-driven solar desalination unit.
Desalination and Water Treatment,
321, 100916.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100916
[9]Ettouney, H., A. Almutairi, and J. Aljuaidiyah. (2025). Modeling and analysis of large-scale direct contact membrane distillation and parabolic trough concentrated solar power.
Desalination and Water Treatment,
321, 100987.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.100987
[10]Hmich, M., et al. (2025). Hybrid Solar Desalination System for rural Morocco: Development and performance analysis.
Desalination and Water Treatment,
321, 101041.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101041
[11]El-Sayed M. Essa, M., et al. (2025). Developments in solar-driven desalination: Technologies, photovoltaic integration, and processes.
Energy Conversion and Management: X,
25, 100861.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100861
[12]Immanual, R., et al. (2025). Performance enhancement of solar still desalination using sound agitation and condensation: A comparative study.
Desalination and Water Treatment,
321, 100923.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100923
[13]Vellampalli, M.V.S.K. and P. Kuchelar. (2025). A sustainable method of desalination using stacked layer filtration and magnetism.
Desalination and Water Treatment,
321, 101033.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101033
[14]Murad, M.E., W.H. Alawee, and H.A. Dhahad. (2024). Advanced techniques for augmenting the performance of double-slope solar stills: A comparative study.
Desalination and Water Treatment,
320, 100581.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100581
[15]Boudhiaf, R., et al. (2025). A comparative experimental investigation of rectangular, trapezoidal, and concave basins design to augment the performance of double-slope solar distillers.
Desalination and Water Treatment,
321, 100945.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100945
[16]Alamshah, S.A., M. Talebzadegan, and M. Moravej. (2024). Performance Evaluation of Regular Hexagonal Pyramid Three-Dimensional Solar Desalination System: An Experimental Investigation.
Journal of Solar Energy Research,
9(2), 1914–1925.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22059/jser.2024.370071.1371
[17]Jamil, F., et al. (2023). Application of advanced energy storage materials in direct solar desalination: A state of art review.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
186, 113663.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113663
[18]Udoy, S.A., et al. (2024). Advancements in Solar Still Water Desalination: A Comprehensive Review of Design Enhancements and Performance Optimization.
Journal of Solar Energy Research,
9(4), 2025–2061.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22059/jser.2025.382301.1464
[19]Khalaf, M.O., M.R. Özdemir, and H.S. Sultan
A Comprehensive Review of Solar Still Technologies and Cost: Innovations in Materials, Design, and Techniques for Enhanced Water Desalination Efficiency. Water, 2025.
17, 1515 DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101515.
[20]da Silva, L. and H.S. Freeman. (2019). Variation in hydrophobic chain length of co-adsorbents to improve dye-sensitized solar cell performance.
Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP,
21(30), 16771–16778.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp02439e
[21]Rashid, R., et al. (2021). A state-of-the-art review on wastewater treatment techniques: the effectiveness of adsorption method.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
28(8), 9050–9066.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12395-x
[22]Dotto, G.L. and G. McKay. (2020). Current scenario and challenges in adsorption for water treatment.
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,
8(4), 103988.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103988
[23]Shoeibi, S., H. Kargarsharifabad, and N. Rahbar. (2021). Effects of nano-enhanced phase change material and nano-coated on the performance of solar stills.
Journal of Energy Storage,
42, 103061.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103061
[24]Reddy, A.S., V.P. Wanjari, and S.P. Singh. (2023). Design, synthesis, and application of thermally responsive draw solutes for sustainable forward osmosis desalination: A review.
Chemosphere,
317, 137790.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137790
[25]Sharma, M., et al. (2025). Advancement in solar desalination with system innovations, nanomaterials integration, and artificial intelligence applications for sustainability.
Separation and Purification Technology, 135891.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135891
[26]Heidarnejad, P., et al. (2024). Biomass-Fueled Organic Rankine Cycles: State of the Art and Future Trends.
Energies,
17(15), 3788.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153788
[27]Ali, E.S., et al. (2025). Cost analysis for solar-powered adsorption desalination-cooling system utilizing improved Maxsorb III adsorbents under Egypt weather conditions.
Alexandria Engineering Journal,
126, 341–357.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2025.04.038
[28]Ramzy, K., et al. (2026). Advances and challenges in sustainable solar desalination for freshwater production.
Solar Energy,
304, 114190.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2025.114190
[29]Dhivagar, R. (2026). Biomaterial-based enhancement strategies in solar still desalination: A critical review on progress, challenges, and future perspective.
Desalination,
626, 119952.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2026.119952
[30]Kusumadewi, R.A., et al. (2026). Hybrid solar adsorption desalination using evacuated tube heat pipe collectors with graphite and biomass adsorbents.
Solar Energy,
315, 114765.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2026.114765
[31]Okeke, C.E., S.U. Egarievwe, and A.O.E. Animalu. (1990). Effects of coal and charcoal on solar-still performance.
Energy,
15(11), 1071–1073.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(90)90035-Z
[32]Mahdi, J.T., B.E. Smith, and A.O. Sharif. (2011). An experimental wick-type solar still system: Design and construction.
Desalination,
267(2), 233–238.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.09.032
[33]Jafri, M., B. Tarigan, and D. Adoe. (2024). Solar desalination with charcoal briquettes from plants as an additional absorption sorbent.
Heritage and Sustainable Development,
6(1), 183–196.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37868/hsd.v6i1.306
[34]Sadoun, A., et al. (2022). Impact of natural charcoal blocks on the solar still output.
Heritage and Sustainable Development,
4(1), 61–66.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37868/hsd.v4i1.80
[35]Tarigan, B.V., M. Jafri, and D.G.H. Adoe. (2024, May) Use of coconut shell charcoal briquettes as PCM seawater distillation. in AIP Conference Proceedings. of Conference. Tangerang, Indonesia.
[36]Naim, M.M. and M.A. Abd El Kawi. (2003). Non-conventional solar stills Part 1. Non-conventional solar stills with charcoal particles as absorber medium.
Desalination,
153(1), 55–64.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01093-7
[37]Panchal, H. (2016). Performance Investigation on Variations of Glass Cover Thickness on Solar Still: Experimental and Theoretical Analysis.
Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy,
1(1), 7.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40866-016-0007-0
[38]Khechekhouche, A., et al. (2021). Energy, Exergy Analysis, and Optimizations of Collector Cover Thickness of a Solar Still in El Oued Climate, Algeria.
International Journal of Photoenergy,
2021(1), 6668325.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6668325
[39]Cherraye, R., et al. (2022). The effect of tilt angle on solar still productivity at different seasons in arid conditions (south Algeria).
International Journal of Ambient Energy,
43(1), 1847–1853.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2020.1723689
[40]Gregg, S.J., K.S.W. Sing, and H.W. Salzberg. (1967, November) Adsorption Surface Area and Porosity. in Journal of The Electrochemical Society. of Conference.: The Electrochemical Society, Inc.
[41]Belessiotis, V., S. Kalogirou, and E. Delyannis, Solar Distillation—Solar Stills, in Thermal Solar Desalination, V. Belessiotis, S. Kalogirou, and E. Delyannis, Editors. 2016, Academic Press. p. 103–190.
[42]Kalogirou, S.A., Solar Desalination Systems, in Solar Energy Engineering (Second Edition), S.A. Kalogirou, Editor. 2014, Academic Press: Boston. p. 431–479.
[43]Zheng, H., Fundamental Relationships of Heat and Mass Transfer in Solar Seawater Desalination Systems, in Solar Energy Desalination Technology, H. Zheng, Editor. 2017, Elsevier: Amsterdam. p. 173–258.